臨時(shi)工究竟是什(shen)么工？其(qi)真實的生存狀(zhuang)態什(shen)么樣？該如何看待“臨時(shi)工現(xian)象”？

“臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)”，一個(ge)在(zai)(zai)計劃經濟時(shi)代耳(er)熟能(neng)詳的(de)詞匯，一個(ge)在(zai)(zai)法律意義上(shang)并不存在(zai)(zai)的(de)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)形態，如今卻(que)大量存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)多個(ge)行(xing)業，并引發“臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現象”。暴力執法的(de)是(shi)臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，強制(zhi)拆遷的(de)是(shi)臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，上(shang)班打(da)牌的(de)是(shi)臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)……在(zai)(zai)一些涉(she)及政府部(bu)門(men)和企事業單位(wei)的(de)突發事件(jian)中，“臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)”往往成為最后的(de)責任人。

中國社科院(yuan)研究(jiu)員(yuan)石秀印表示(shi)，“臨時(shi)(shi)工”曾(ceng)是(shi)我國計劃經濟體制(zhi)下，區別于當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)長期(qi)(qi)固(gu)定工而言的(de)一(yi)種用(yong)工形(xing)(xing)式，一(yi)般是(shi)指企事業(ye)單位(wei)臨時(shi)(shi)聘用(yong)的(de)短期(qi)(qi)工人，也包含事業(ye)單位(wei)、國有(you)企業(ye)里的(de)非在(zai)(zai)(zai)編人員(yuan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)《勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合(he)同法》實(shi)施后，法律意(yi)義上已無(wu)臨時(shi)(shi)工、正式工之(zhi)區分(fen)，只有(you)合(he)同期(qi)(qi)限(xian)長短之(zhi)分(fen)，用(yong)人單位(wei)用(yong)工必須與勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動者(zhe)簽(qian)訂勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合(he)同，不能以臨時(shi)(shi)崗(gang)位(wei)為(wei)由(you)拒(ju)簽(qian)。如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)臨時(shi)(shi)崗(gang)位(wei)用(yong)工可以在(zai)(zai)(zai)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合(he)同期(qi)(qi)限(xian)上有(you)所區別，比如(ru)選擇與勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動者(zhe)簽(qian)訂“以完(wan)成一(yi)定工作任(ren)務為(wei)期(qi)(qi)限(xian)的(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合(he)同或非全日(ri)制(zhi)用(yong)工合(he)同”。但在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)際生活(huo)中仍(reng)大量存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)臨時(shi)(shi)工，其主體為(wei)農民工，大量分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)(zai)建筑、餐飲、保潔(jie)、護理(li)等(deng)低端勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動力市場，他們收入(ru)偏低、社會保障(zhang)不健全，有(you)的(de)雖然(ran)有(you)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務合(he)同卻形(xing)(xing)同虛設。

隨著《勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同法(fa)》的(de)貫徹落實，許(xu)多(duo)用工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)把(ba)過去純粹意義上的(de)“臨時工(gong)”轉變為“勞(lao)務(wu)派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)員”。勞(lao)務(wu)派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)員在(zai)(zai)不(bu)少領域成(cheng)(cheng)為臨時工(gong)的(de)新(xin)形態。根據《勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同法(fa)》的(de)規定(ding)，勞(lao)務(wu)派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)應當在(zai)(zai)臨時性、輔助(zhu)性、替代性的(de)工(gong)作崗(gang)位(wei)(wei)上實施(shi)。但(dan)(dan)是，記者了解到，國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)和(he)機關事業(ye)(ye)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)，越來(lai)越多(duo)地(di)(di)使用勞(lao)務(wu)派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)員。在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)些窗口(kou)行業(ye)(ye)，柜臺人(ren)員大多(duo)數都(dou)是派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)工(gong)。在(zai)(zai)許(xu)多(duo)崗(gang)位(wei)(wei)上，既有(you)在(zai)(zai)編的(de)正式(shi)工(gong)，也有(you)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)員，干(gan)完全一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)活兒，混合使用。一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)統計顯示，全國勞(lao)務(wu)派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)用工(gong)總量已達6000萬人(ren)。其(qi)中大量勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)員已經長期在(zai)(zai)固定(ding)的(de)用人(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)中的(de)主營業(ye)(ye)務(wu)崗(gang)位(wei)(wei)上服務(wu)，但(dan)(dan)和(he)用人(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)沒(mei)有(you)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合同，只(zhi)和(he)派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)公司(si)簽協議。這(zhe)些派(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)員在(zai)(zai)用人(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)雖然有(you)可能會一(yi)(yi)干(gan)三(san)年五年甚(shen)至(zhi)更長時間，但(dan)(dan)在(zai)(zai)用人(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)內(nei)部的(de)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)、福(fu)利(li)、保障水平與過去的(de)臨時工(gong)差(cha)不(bu)多(duo)，而(er)且一(yi)(yi)旦出(chu)現糾(jiu)紛(fen)或者有(you)新(xin)的(de)人(ren)想來(lai)干(gan)，會被隨時裁(cai)掉，完全沒(mei)有(you)法(fa)律(lv)方(fang)面的(de)保障。從(cong)這(zhe)個意義上講(jiang)，可以說成(cheng)(cheng)為“長期固定(ding)臨時工(gong)”。

“這些類似于(yu)臨時(shi)工(gong)(gong)的派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)工(gong)(gong)處(chu)境(jing)十(shi)分尷尬。同(tong)工(gong)(gong)不(bu)同(tong)酬現象(xiang)非常普遍(bian)，無法享(xiang)有(you)正(zheng)式(shi)工(gong)(gong)才(cai)享(xiang)有(you)的培(pei)訓、晉升甚至榮(rong)譽，還隨(sui)時(shi)面臨解聘(pin)，對企業沒有(you)歸屬感”石(shi)秀印說，勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)將傳統的勞(lao)動(dong)關系分割開(kai)來，勞(lao)動(dong)者與用工(gong)(gong)單位“有(you)勞(lao)動(dong)沒關系”，不(bu)利于(yu)勞(lao)動(dong)者權(quan)益的保護。根據(ju)調查(cha)，勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)派(pai)(pai)遣(qian)工(gong)(gong)即使在(zai)同(tong)一個用工(gong)(gong)單位長期(qi)服務(wu)(wu)，也不(bu)可(ke)能訂立無固(gu)定期(qi)限(xian)勞(lao)動(dong)合同(tong)。

石(shi)秀印介紹(shao)說，臨(lin)(lin)時工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)特點之一是(shi)靈活性，市場經濟條件下，用(yong)(yong)(yong)人單位希望能實現用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效益(yi)的(de)(de)最大化，召之即(ji)來，揮之即(ji)去，又不用(yong)(yong)(yong)背負社會(hui)保險(xian)等其他成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。一家已實行自收自支(zhi)的(de)(de)事業單位人事干部(bu)告訴記(ji)者，每(mei)增加一個編制(zhi)內的(de)(de)人員，一年就要多支(zhi)付(fu)10萬(wan)元左右的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)；而雇(gu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)勞務派遣(qian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，只(zhi)需支(zhi)付(fu)三四萬(wan)元的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。為(wei)啥(sha)會(hui)有這么多的(de)(de)臨(lin)(lin)時工(gong)(gong)(gong)？既有客觀需要，也(ye)有用(yong)(yong)(yong)人單位為(wei)逃避本(ben)應支(zhi)付(fu)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、減少麻煩，迫使本(ben)應簽訂正式勞動合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)勞動者成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)臨(lin)(lin)時工(gong)(gong)(gong)。