臨時(shi)工究竟是什(shen)么工？其(qi)真實的生存狀態什(shen)么樣？該如何看待“臨時(shi)工現象(xiang)”？
“臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)”，一個(ge)(ge)在(zai)(zai)計劃經濟時(shi)代耳熟(shu)能詳的詞匯，一個(ge)(ge)在(zai)(zai)法律意(yi)義(yi)上并不存在(zai)(zai)的用工(gong)形態(tai)，如今(jin)卻(que)大量存在(zai)(zai)于多個(ge)(ge)行業，并引發“臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)現象(xiang)”。暴力執法的是臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)，強制拆遷的是臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)，上班打牌的是臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)……在(zai)(zai)一些涉及政府部門和企事業單位的突發事件中(zhong)，“臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)工(gong)”往往成為最后的責任人。
中(zhong)(zhong)國社科(ke)院研(yan)究員(yuan)石(shi)秀印表(biao)示，“臨時(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)”曾是我國計劃(hua)經濟體制(zhi)下，區(qu)別(bie)于當時(shi)(shi)的長期(qi)(qi)固定(ding)工(gong)(gong)而言的一(yi)種用工(gong)(gong)形(xing)式(shi)，一(yi)般是指企事業單(dan)位(wei)(wei)臨時(shi)(shi)聘(pin)用的短期(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)人，也包含事業單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、國有(you)(you)企業里的非在編(bian)人員(yuan)。在《勞(lao)動合同(tong)(tong)法》實(shi)施(shi)后，法律意義上(shang)已無臨時(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)、正(zheng)式(shi)工(gong)(gong)之區(qu)分，只有(you)(you)合同(tong)(tong)期(qi)(qi)限長短之分，用人單(dan)位(wei)(wei)用工(gong)(gong)必須與(yu)勞(lao)動者簽(qian)(qian)訂勞(lao)動合同(tong)(tong)，不能(neng)以(yi)(yi)臨時(shi)(shi)崗位(wei)(wei)為由拒簽(qian)(qian)。如果是在臨時(shi)(shi)崗位(wei)(wei)用工(gong)(gong)可以(yi)(yi)在勞(lao)動合同(tong)(tong)期(qi)(qi)限上(shang)有(you)(you)所區(qu)別(bie)，比(bi)如選擇與(yu)勞(lao)動者簽(qian)(qian)訂“以(yi)(yi)完成一(yi)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)作任(ren)務為期(qi)(qi)限的勞(lao)動合同(tong)(tong)或非全日制(zhi)用工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)(tong)”。但(dan)在實(shi)際(ji)生活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)仍大量(liang)存在臨時(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，其主體為農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)，大量(liang)分布(bu)在建筑、餐飲、保潔(jie)、護理等低(di)端勞(lao)動力市場，他們收入偏低(di)、社會保障不健全，有(you)(you)的雖然有(you)(you)勞(lao)務合同(tong)(tong)卻(que)形(xing)同(tong)(tong)虛(xu)設(she)。
隨(sui)著《勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)法》的(de)(de)貫徹(che)落實，許多用(yong)(yong)工(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)把過去純粹(cui)意(yi)(yi)義上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)“臨(lin)時(shi)工(gong)”轉變為“勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)”。勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)在(zai)不少領(ling)域成為臨(lin)時(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)新形態。根據(ju)《勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)法》的(de)(de)規(gui)定，勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)應(ying)當在(zai)臨(lin)時(shi)性(xing)、輔助性(xing)、替代性(xing)的(de)(de)工(gong)作崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)實施。但是，記(ji)者了解到(dao)，國有(you)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)機(ji)關(guan)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)，越(yue)來越(yue)多地使用(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)。在(zai)一(yi)些窗口行業(ye)(ye)，柜臺人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)大多數都是派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)工(gong)。在(zai)許多崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)，既(ji)有(you)在(zai)編的(de)(de)正式(shi)工(gong)，也有(you)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)，干完全(quan)一(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)活兒，混(hun)合(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)。一(yi)項統計顯示，全(quan)國勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)總量已達6000萬人(ren)(ren)。其中大量勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)已經(jing)長期(qi)在(zai)固定的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)中的(de)(de)主營業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)，但和(he)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)沒有(you)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)，只(zhi)和(he)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)公司簽協(xie)議。這些派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)在(zai)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)雖然有(you)可能會(hui)一(yi)干三年(nian)五(wu)年(nian)甚至更長時(shi)間，但在(zai)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)內部的(de)(de)地位(wei)(wei)、福利、保障(zhang)水平(ping)與過去的(de)(de)臨(lin)時(shi)工(gong)差不多，而且一(yi)旦(dan)出現糾(jiu)紛(fen)或者有(you)新的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)想來干，會(hui)被隨(sui)時(shi)裁掉，完全(quan)沒有(you)法律方面的(de)(de)保障(zhang)。從(cong)這個意(yi)(yi)義上(shang)(shang)講，可以說(shuo)成為“長期(qi)固定臨(lin)時(shi)工(gong)”。
“這些類(lei)似于臨(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)派遣(qian)工(gong)(gong)處境十(shi)分(fen)(fen)尷尬。同(tong)工(gong)(gong)不同(tong)酬現象非(fei)常普(pu)遍，無法享有(you)(you)正式工(gong)(gong)才享有(you)(you)的(de)培訓、晉升甚至(zhi)榮譽，還隨時(shi)面(mian)臨(lin)解聘，對企業沒有(you)(you)歸屬感”石秀印說(shuo)，勞(lao)務(wu)派遣(qian)將傳統的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)關(guan)系分(fen)(fen)割開來，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者與用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)“有(you)(you)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)沒關(guan)系”，不利于勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者權益(yi)的(de)保護。根據調查，勞(lao)務(wu)派遣(qian)工(gong)(gong)即使在同(tong)一(yi)個用(yong)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)長期(qi)(qi)服務(wu)，也不可能訂立無固定期(qi)(qi)限勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)。
石秀(xiu)印介紹說，臨(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)特點之一是靈活性，市場經濟條件(jian)下(xia)，用人(ren)單位希望能實現用工(gong)(gong)(gong)效益的(de)最大化，召之即來，揮之即去，又不用背(bei)負社會保險等其他成(cheng)本(ben)。一家已(yi)實行自(zi)收自(zi)支(zhi)的(de)事業(ye)單位人(ren)事干部告訴記者(zhe)，每增加(jia)一個編(bian)制內的(de)人(ren)員，一年就要多支(zhi)付10萬元(yuan)左(zuo)右(you)的(de)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)；而(er)雇用勞(lao)務派(pai)遣工(gong)(gong)(gong)，只需支(zhi)付三四萬元(yuan)的(de)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)。為(wei)啥會有(you)(you)這么多的(de)臨(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)？既有(you)(you)客觀需要，也有(you)(you)用人(ren)單位為(wei)逃(tao)避本(ben)應支(zhi)付的(de)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)、減(jian)少(shao)麻煩，迫使(shi)本(ben)應簽訂正(zheng)式勞(lao)動(dong)合(he)同的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)成(cheng)為(wei)臨(lin)時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。